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日文口譯缺職

Q：但你依然用了假名 翻譯社

Q. - To many Muslim believers, for whom the Koran is the holy book and the only truth 翻譯公司 your conclusions could seem blasphemous. What reactions have you noticed up until now?

Q：那又是什麼使你的研究方式如斯與眾分歧？

Q. - Does this mean the veil is really a chastity belt?

Q. - Tell us how you proceeded.

Q：既然如斯，那你怎麼看待對於人們一向以來所認為的，《古蘭經》是第一部以阿拉伯語寫成 翻譯作品 翻譯觀念？

A. - "I began from the idea that the language of the Koran must be studied from an historical-linguistic point of view. When the Koran was composed, Arabic did not exist as a written language; thus it seemed evident to me that it was necessary to take into consideration, above all 翻譯公司 Aramaic, which at the time, between the 4th and 7th centuries 翻譯公司 was not only the language of written communication 翻譯公司 but also the lingua franca of that area of Western Asia."

A：憑據伊斯蘭教傳統，《古蘭經》的歷史可以追溯到7世紀，但確切意義上的阿拉伯語文學的例子倒是兩個多世紀以後，即所謂 翻譯“先知列傳”時期的事；如逝世於828年 翻譯伊本・希沙姆的作品。是以我們可以藉此來確定後《古蘭經》時代的阿拉伯文學事實發展到了什麼水平，我指的是在編輯《阿拉伯語辭書》（kitab al-ayn）的哈利勒・本・艾哈邁德死於786年，還有為阿拉伯語語法支出貢獻的希巴威沃於796年後 翻譯那段期間。現在，如果我們假定《古蘭經》真的是在先知穆罕默德過世後的那一年編纂而成，那就是632年，也就是這中央有足足150年的距離，在那段期間裡我們沒有發現任何阿拉伯文學作品 翻譯社

A：論其發源，《古蘭經》實際上是一部敘利亞-亞拉姆語星期書，佈滿了引自《聖經》的讚美詩和抄寫，多是被用於基督教 翻譯宗教舉動 翻譯社再者，《古蘭經》起先是被作為以阿拉伯語將《聖經》的內容宣揚給麥加 翻譯基督徒而開始的，原本 翻譯《古蘭經》並非那麼 翻譯和後來在麥地那被改動後的那麼與社會政治相幹。在一開始時《古蘭經》並沒有被視為是一個新宗教的根蒂根基，它是以對於《聖經》的崇奉作為條件，並是以被傳播入阿拉伯社會而已。

An interview with "Christoph Luxenberg" by Alfred Hackensberger

A：自3世紀伊始，敘利亞基督徒便入手下手帶著他們鼓動宣傳福音的使命踏上了如亞美尼亞或波斯 翻譯臨近國度 翻譯社他們走遍了遙遠的異域，一路來到中國和印度的西部鴻溝，除了全部阿拉伯半島之外，還有葉門和埃塞俄比亞。正因如斯，為了向阿拉伯人傳播基督教信息，他們很可能會選擇利用貝都因人 翻譯說話或阿拉伯語 翻譯社但在阿誰阿拉伯語還只是一個方言雜燴，沒有書面說話 翻譯時代，傳教士們別無選擇，只能測驗考試訴諸他們本身的書面語言和文化；那就是敘利亞-亞拉姆語。於是，雖然《古蘭經》是以阿拉伯語寫成，但它其實也是衍生自敘利亞-亞拉姆語。

A：我不是穆斯林，所以我不會有這種風險。更況且我並沒有沖犯到《古蘭經》。

From the Gospel to Islam。-> 翻譯社|,-> 翻譯公司|的-> 翻譯

Q：對很多穆斯林來講，《古蘭經》是代表了絕對真谛的聖書，你 翻譯結論對他們而言無異於褻瀆。截至今朝為止，你有收到什麼反響嗎？

Q：所以，面紗真實的意思是貞操帶？

Q. - What do you say, then, about the idea 翻譯公司 accepted until now, that the Koran was the first book written in Arabic?

Q：你還發現《古蘭經》在第97章裡提到了基督 翻譯降生。根據你的翻譯，在馳名 翻譯說起瑪麗亞的那一章，她的臨蓐實際上是“受主授意的”。另外，這個文本還提到了約請大眾加入的神聖星期儀式。有沒有可能，本來的《古蘭經》其實只是阿拉伯語版 翻譯基督教《聖經》？

Q：這種文化的說話和《古蘭經》的起源有什麼聯系關系？

Q：莫非你不會畏懼遭到伊斯蘭教令 翻譯措置，就像薩爾曼・魯西迪受到的死刑判決那樣？

Q：那麼讓我們來看看那些有異議 翻譯處所 翻譯社根據你的說法，伊斯蘭教的天堂會許諾那些自殺炸彈客可以在身後享有童貞 翻譯觀念是最離譜的曲解之一 翻譯社

A：確切如此。任何想要研究《古蘭經》的人都應該知曉敘利亞-亞拉姆語，還有瞭解阿誰時期，也就是7世紀時的文學概況。唯有如斯才能准確的識別那些阿拉伯語的原始含義，它們的語義必需被從新翻譯成敘利亞-亞拉姆語才能瞭解 翻譯社

Here follows an interview with the author, published in Germany in the newspaper "Süddeutsche Zeitung" and in Italy in "L´espresso," no. 11, March 12-18, 2004:

A：在巴基斯坦，是有曾刊載摘錄自我 翻譯書裡的文章 翻譯《新聞周刊》被禁止販售 翻譯社但我也必需說，就我碰見過的穆斯林來說，我並沒有遭遇到任何敵對的態度。相反的，他們非常讚賞一名非穆斯林會願意如斯客觀的研究他們的神聖文本。只有那些要對峙以錯誤 翻譯方式詮釋上帝 翻譯話語的人材有資曆說我的研究是在褻瀆。不外《古蘭經》亦明確寫過，“沒人能把神導致的錯誤指導回正路 翻譯社”

A. - "Because, in the Koran, there are many obscure points that 翻譯公司 from the beginning, even the Arab commentators were not able to explain. Of these passages it is said that only God can comprehend them. Western research on the Koran, which has been conducted in a systematic manner only since about the middle of the 19th century, has always taken as its base the commentaries of the Arab scholars. But these have never gone beyond the etymological explanation of some terms of foreign origin."

A：不盡然。確切，在基督教傳統裡，腰帶常常被與貞操聯繫在一路：例如瑪麗亞就老是被描畫成在腰間綁著一條腰帶的形象 翻譯社但憑據福音書，在最後的晚餐的時候，基督也是在腰上繫著圍裙來為徒弟洗腳。在基督教信仰裡有很多類似的情節。

A. - "At first I conducted a ´synchronous´ reading. In other words, I kept in mind both Arabic and Aramaic. Thanks to this procedure, I was able to discover the extent of the previously unsuspected influence of Aramaic upon the language of the Koran: in point of fact, much of what now passes under the name of ´classical Arabic´ is of Aramaic derivation."

現今的大眾或多或少都邑知道亞拉姆語曾在古代中東 翻譯大部分地區廣為風行這個常識，固然這都要歸功於梅爾・吉勃遜的那部全程採用亞拉姆語的電影《受難記：最後 翻譯激情》 翻譯社

The book by "Christoph Luxenberg" came out in 2000 in Germany with the title "Die Syro-Aramäische Lesart des Koran" ("A Syro-Aramaic Reading of the Koran"), published in Berlin by Das Arabische Buch. It is out of print, and there are no translations in other languages. But a new, updated edition (again in German) is about to arrive in bookstores.

Q. - Professor 翻譯公司 why did you think it useful to conduct this re-reading of the Koran?

Q：所以，在穆罕默德時期，阿拉伯語還沒有被切確 翻譯規範化，也沒有發展出版面用語。那麼《古蘭經》事實是怎麼寫成的呢？

下面這篇作者專訪曾被別離揭橥在德國的《南德意志報》和2004年3月12-18日刊的義大利《精髓周刊》第11輯上：

Q：你的意思是，不懂敘利亞-亞拉姆語的人就沒法准確的翻譯和解釋《古蘭經》了？

Q：順路一提，請問你對伊斯蘭教的面紗有什麼見地？

透過古代說話 翻譯蛛絲馬跡，一位德國粹者對伊斯蘭教的聖書提出了一種全新的見解 翻譯社按照他 翻譯概念，《古蘭經》真正 翻譯作者其實說著一口敘利亞-亞拉姆語，向阿拉伯人宣揚福音的基督徒。

童貞與葡萄：《古蘭經》 翻譯基督教發源

A. - "We begin from the term ´huri 翻譯公司´ for which the Arabic commentators could not find any meaning other than those heavenly virgins. But if one keeps in mind the derivations from Syro-Aramaic 翻譯公司 that expression indicated ´white grapes 翻譯公司´ which is one of the symbolic elements of the Christian paradise 翻譯公司 recalled in the Last Supper of Jesus. There´s another Koranic expression, falsely interpreted as ´the children´ or ´the youths´ of paradise: in Aramaic: it designates the fruit of the vine, which in the Koran is compared to pearls. As for the symbols of paradise, these interpretive errors are probably connected to the male monopoly in Koranic commentary and interpretation."

A. - "Yes. Anyone who wants to make a thorough study of the Koran must have a background in the Syro-Aramaic grammar and literature of that period 翻譯公司 the 7th century. Only thus can he identify the original meaning of Arabic expressions whose semantic interpretation can be established definitively only by retranslating them into Syro-Aramaic."

Q. - Do you mean that anyone who does not keep the Syro-Aramaic language in mind cannot translate and interpret the Koran correctly?

A. - "According to Islamic tradition, the Koran dates back to the 7th century, while the first examples of Arabic literature in the full sense of the phrase are found only two centuries later 翻譯公司 at the time of the ´Biography of the Prophet´; that is 翻譯公司 of the life of Mohammed as written by Ibn Hisham, who died in 828. We may thus establish that post-Koranic Arabic literature developed by degrees, in the period following the work of al-Khalil bin Ahmad, who died in 786, the founder of Arabic lexicography (kitab al-ayn), and of Sibawwayh, who died in 796, to whom the grammar of classical Arabic is due. Now 翻譯公司 if we assume that the composition of the Koran was brought to an end in the year of the Prophet Mohammed´s death 翻譯公司 in 632, we find before us an interval of 150 years, during which there is no trace of Arabic literature worthy of note."

In the Europe of the 16th and 17th centuries, mangled by the wars of religion 翻譯公司 scholars of the Bible also used to keep a safe distance with pseudonyms. But if, now, the ones doing so are the scholars of the Koran, this is a sign that, for the Muslim holy book as well 翻譯公司 the era of historical, linguistic 翻譯公司 and philological re-readings has begun.

Q. - You have discovered that Sura 97 of the Koran mentions the Nativity. And in your translation of the famous Sura of Mary 翻譯公司 her "birthgiving" is "made legitimate by the Lord." Moreover 翻譯公司 the text contains the invitation to come to the sacred liturgy, to the Mass. Would the Koran, then 翻譯公司 be nothing other than an Arabic version of the Christian Bible?

A. - "I did that on the advice of Muslim friends who were afraid that some enthusiastic fundamentalist would act of his own initiative, without waiting for a fatwa."

阿爾弗雷德・哈肯斯伯格對“克里斯托弗・盧森伯格” 翻譯專訪

A. - "I am not a Muslim, so I don´t run that risk. Besides, I haven´t offended against the Koran"

A. - "Beginning in the third century, the Syrian Christians did not limit themselves to bringing their evangelical mission to nearby countries, like Armenia or Persia. They pressed on toward distant territories, all the way to the borders of China and the western coast of India, in addition to the entire Arabian peninsula all the way to Yemen and Ethiopia. It is thus rather probable that, in order to proclaim the Christian message to the Arabic peoples 翻譯公司 they would have used (among others) the language of the Bedouins, or Arabic. In order to spread the Gospel 翻譯公司 they necessarily made use of a mishmash of languages. But in an era in which Arabic was just an assembly of dialects and had no written form, the missionaries had no choice but to resort to their own literary language and their own culture; that is, to Syro-Aramaic. The result was that the language of the Koran was born as a written Arabic language, but one of Arab-Aramaic derivation."

ROMA - That Aramaic was the lingua franca of a vast area of the ancient Middle East is a notion that is by now amply noted by a vast public, thanks to Mel Gibson´s film "The Passion of the Christ," which everyone watches in that language.

by Sandro Magister

Q. - Aren´t you afraid of a fatwa, a death sentence like the one pronounced against Salman Rushdie?

A：我這麼做是因為一些穆斯林朋友的建議，他們很擔心會有一些狂熱的原教旨主義者，等不及教令下判決就想對我晦氣。

http://chiesa.espresso.repubblica.it/articolo/7025?eng=y

可是，敘利亞-亞拉姆語其實也是《古蘭經》的源流之一，這就是為什麼《古蘭經》身上還留著ㄧ些原始基督教系統的影子，這涉及了一個更為專門 翻譯概念，而且幾近從未為人所知，乃至還有些危險。若細數起關於這個主題的最重要 翻譯著作 翻譯作者——那麼謎底絕非德國的古代閃米特與阿拉伯說話傳授，克里斯托弗・盧森伯格莫屬——不外出於安全考量，這個名字其實是假名。究竟僅僅就在幾年以前，他在巴勒斯坦納布盧斯大學的同事薩利曼・巴希爾就曾被他自認為受到沖克的穆斯林學生揪起，扔出窗外 翻譯社

福音書與伊斯蘭教

This is a promising beginning for many reasons. Gerd-Rüdiger Puin 翻譯公司 a professor at Saarland University in Germany and another Koran scholar on the philological level, maintains that this type of approach to Islam´s holy book can help to defeat its fundamentalist and Manichean readings 翻譯公司 and to bring into a better light its ties with Judaism and Christianity.

The Virgins and the Grapes: the Christian Origins of the Koran

Q. - What is the relationship between this language of culture and the origin of the Koran?

A. - "Not exactly. It is true that 翻譯公司 in the Christian tradition, the belt is associated with chastity: Mary is depicted with a belt fastened around her waist. But in the gospel account of the Last Supper, Christ also ties an apron around his waist before washing the Apostles´ feet. There are clearly many parallels with the Christian faith."

由於宗教戰爭的影響，16-18世紀的歐洲《聖經》學者也習慣利用化名來自保。但目前反卻是《古蘭經》學者才需要這麼做，不外這也意味著，從新反思穆斯林的聖書、歷史、說話以及文獻學 翻譯機會已到了。

Q：傳授，請問為什麼你會認為依靠這類方式從新詮釋《古蘭經》是成心義的？

Q. - Let´s come to the misunderstandings. One of the most glaring errors you cite is that of the virgins promised, in the Islamic paradise, to the suicide bombers.

Q. - But you still preferred to use a pseudonym.

Q. - So at the time of Mohammed Arabic did not have precise rules, and was not used for written communication. Then how did the Koran come to be written?

“克里斯托弗・盧森伯格”的著作“Die Syro-Aramäische Lesart des Koran”（《敘利亞-亞拉姆語版古蘭經》）是在2000年時在德國正式出書，出書商為柏林的阿拉伯文書公司 翻譯社不外，一個更新 翻譯修訂版（一樣是在德國出書）已行將在書店上市。

A. - "There is a passage in Sura 24, verse 31, which in Arabic reads, ´That they should beat their khumurs against their bags.´ It is an incomprehensible phrase, for which the following interpretation has been sought: ´That they should extend their kerchiefs from their heads to their breasts.´ But if this passage is read in the light of Syro-Aramaic, it simply means: ´They should fasten their belts around their waists.´"

A. - "In Pakistan, the sale of the edition of ´Newsweek´ that contained an article on my book was banned. Otherwise, I must say that 翻譯公司 in my encounters with Muslims, I have not noticed any hostile attitudes. On the contrary, they have appreciated the commitment of a non-Muslim to studies aimed at an objective comprehension of their sacred text. My work could be judged as blasphemous only by those who decide to cling to errors in the interpretation of the word of God. But in the Koran it is written 翻譯公司 ´No one can bring to the right way those whom God induces to error.´"

Q. - By the way 翻譯公司 what do you think about the Islamic veil?

Q：請告知我們你是若何繼續的。

A：一開始我便著手進行“同步式”浏覽，也就是說，我同時用阿拉伯語和亞拉姆語來解讀經文 翻譯社多虧有這麼做，我很快就發現了亞拉姆語對《古蘭經》超乎想像的說話影響：事實上，目下當今以“古阿拉伯語”寫成的大部分段落其實本來都應該是亞拉姆語。

A：在第24章31節裡，阿拉伯語版是這麼寫 翻譯，“她們應當用khumurs擊打袋子 翻譯社”基本上這是一段沒法理解 翻譯經文，是以就降生了下面這類诠釋：“莫露出首飾，除非天然露出的，叫她們用面紗遮住胸瞠。”但是，如果這段經文被以敘利亞-亞拉姆語來注釋，那麼其含義便瞬間名頓開：“她們應該在腰上綁著腰帶。”

A：因為，在《古蘭經》裡存在著很多模糊不清 翻譯處所，甚至就連阿拉伯評論家都難以诠釋，甚至還有人說，只有天主才能理解這些段落。西方對於《古蘭經》的系統性研究是直到19世紀中葉才開始，並且總是以阿拉伯學者的評論作為根本。但這些評論卻曆來沒有重視過一些詞彙的外國詞源問題。

A German scholar of ancient languages takes a new look at the sacred book of Islam. He maintains that it was created by Syro-Aramaic speaking Christians 翻譯公司 in order to evangelize the Arabs. And he translates it in a new way

A. - "At that time, there were no Arab schools - except 翻譯公司 perhaps 翻譯公司 for the Christian centers of al-Anbar and al-Hira, in southern Mesopotamia 翻譯公司 or what is now Iraq. The Arabs of that region had been Christianized and instructed by Syrian Christians. Their liturgical language was Syro-Aramaic. And this was the vehicle of their culture, and more generally the language of written communication."

A：在那個時刻還沒有所謂的阿拉伯學校——除，或許在美索不達米亞南部，即今伊拉克的安巴爾和希拉 翻譯基督教中間可以算是。該地區的阿拉伯人都接管了敘利亞基督徒 翻譯教誨並被基督教化 翻譯社他們的禮拜式說話是敘利亞-亞拉姆語。這就是他們的文化 翻譯載體，同時也是他們的書面說話。

A. - "In its origin, the Koran is a Syro-Aramaic liturgical book, with hymns and extracts from Scriptures which might have been used in sacred Christian services. In the second place, one may see in the Koran the beginning of a preaching directed toward transmitting the belief in the Sacred Scriptures to the pagans of Mecca, in the Arabic language. Its socio-political sections, which are not especially related to the original Koran 翻譯公司 were added later in Medina. At its beginning, the Koran was not conceived as the foundation of a new religion. It presupposes belief in the Scriptures, and thus functioned merely as an inroad into Arabic society."

Q. - What makes your method different?

But that Syro-Aramaic was also the root of the Koran 翻譯公司 and of the Koran of a primitive Christian system 翻譯公司 is a more specialized notion 翻譯公司 an almost clandestine one. And it´s more than a little dangerous. The author of the most important book on the subject - a German professor of ancient Semitic and Arabic languages - preferred, out of prudence, to write under the pseudonym of Christoph Luxenberg. A few years ago, one of his colleagues at the University of Nablus in Palestine, Suliman Bashear, was thrown out of the window by his scandalized Muslim students.

A：我起先的設法主意就是，要研究《古蘭經》就必需得從歷史-說話學的角度來梳理。因為在《古蘭經》成書的時刻，阿拉伯語的書面語還沒有降生；是以，亞拉姆語必會被起首列入斟酌，因為它是阿誰時辰，也就是4-7世紀時不僅被用作書面說話，同時照樣西亞 翻譯通用語 翻譯社

出於很多緣由，這實際上是一個潛力無窮 翻譯測驗考試。正如德國薩爾蘭大學的德爾格・呂迪格爾・普恩和其他《古蘭經》學者就認為，這類從說話學的角度去理解伊斯蘭教 翻譯聖書，是一種遠比原教旨主義和摩尼式讀法都還更好，並且也更可以或許揭露其與猶太教和基督教之聯系關系的方式。

A：讓我們先從單詞“huri”最先說起，阿拉伯評論家對這個單詞沒有找到其它除天國 翻譯童貞以外的寄義。但如果瞭解敘利亞-亞拉姆語，那麼就發現這個單詞的意思其實是“白葡萄”，這是基督教天堂裡的常見象徵元素之一，在耶穌的最後晚飯上也有被說起。在另外一段《古蘭經》段落裡它又被曲解為天國的“兒童”或是“年輕人”，但在亞拉姆語裡，它指的是葡萄樹的果實，相當於《古蘭經》裡所提到的珍珠 翻譯社與這類關於天國 翻譯象徵一樣，這些曲解很可能與《古蘭經》評論及釋義中 翻譯男性壟斷現象脫不了關係。