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Translation of Tempest Stela could change ancient timeline

義大利國家委員會生物景象形象研究所的天氣學與景象形象學家，瑪麗娜・巴爾迪同樣也和她的同事一路剖析過了石碑上的記載，並將其與埃及的天色模式相較。

但是，也不是每一個人都贊成這項研究的作者們所得出的結論。她認為這份銘文所描寫的更可能與“紅海槽”的雜沓有關，這會引發卑劣的氣候，大量的降雨和閃電般的洪水翻譯至於其他埃及學家，例如伊恩・肖則相信，這副石碑是法老為了公道化人為災難才特地編織的宣揚。

Researchers Nadine Moeller and Robert Ritner from the Oriental Institute at the University of Chicago翻譯社 believe the answer is yes. In their study, which appears in the spring issue of the Journal of Near Eastern Studies, the researchers explain that if the stela describe the aftermath of the Thera catastrophe, the correct dating of the stela and therefore Ahmose's reign, would be 30 to 50 years earlier than currently believed, a finding that could change scholars' understanding of a critical juncture in human history as Bronze Age empires realigned.

《大風暴石碑》是由雅赫摩斯一世豎立的，據信他的統治是從公元前1550年最先翻譯他的統治也標誌著新王國期間的開端，這是埃及國勢的巔峰。

A depiction of the volcanic eruption of Thera. Image source.

對錫拉火山爆發的描繪

Featured image: A recreation of the Tempest Stela. Photo source.

《大風暴石碑》的破譯可能會改寫古代的時候表

The revised dating of Ahmose's reign could mean the dates of other key events in the ancient Near East fit together more logically, scholars said. For example翻譯社 David Schloen, associate professor in the Oriental Institute, says that it realigns the dates of the fall of the Canaanites and the collapse of the Babylonian Empire. The Thera eruption would have destroyed the Hyksos’ ports翻譯社 weakened their sea power, and disrupted trade and agriculture, undermining the power of the Babylonian Empire, and allowing Ahmose to rise to power翻譯社 taking over the Hyksos (Canaanite rules of Egypt).

The Tempest Stela was erected by King Ahmose I, who is believed to have ruled from 1550 BC. His reign marked the beginning of the New Kingdom, a time when Egypt’s power reached its height.

這副石碑描寫了被降雨和陰郁所覆蓋的大地，還有“天空中永不停歇的風暴，其聲響要比人們的哭叫聲都還要清脆。這些片斷還描寫了沿著尼羅河向下飄揚的屍體，的確就像“用紙莎草編成的艑舟”一樣翻譯這副銘文會不會是有史以來最古老的氣候紀錄之ㄧ，和對錫拉火山爆發的目擊記錄呢？

Egyptian pharaoh Ahmose. Photo credit: Metropolitan Museum of Art

http://www.ancient-origins.net/news-evolution-human-origins/translation-tempest-stela-could-change-ancient-timeline-001520?nopaging=1

By April Holloway

The stela describes rain翻譯社 darkness and 'the sky being in storm without cessation翻譯社 louder than the cries of the masses.' The great storm is described as destroying tombs, temples and pyramids in the Theban region and the work of restoration ordered by the king. The passages also describe bodies floating down the Nile like "skiffs of papyrus." Could this inscription be one of the world’s oldest weather reports and an eye-witness account of the volcanic eruption of Thera?

學者還認為，從頭修訂雅赫摩斯的統治年代可能會讓其它産生在古代近東的主要事務變得更加契合邏輯。

芝加哥大學東方研究所的研究員納丁・莫勒和羅伯特・里特納認為答案是必定的。憑據他們刊載在《近東研究期刊》春季號上的研究所說，若是石碑真的是在描述錫拉火山爆發後的情狀，那麼該石碑以及雅赫摩斯的統治時間都應當被提前30-50年，這可能會改變學者對人類史上的青銅器帝國的主要時刻的理解。

The Tempest Stela is a 6-foot-tall calcite block found in the 3rd Pylon of the temple of Karnak in Thebes翻譯社 modern Luxor. In a new translation of the 40-line inscription, scholars affirm previous beliefs that its description of unusual weather patterns are consistent with the massive volcano eruption of Thera (Santorini). The implications could cause a revision in chronology, particularly in relation to the reign of the pharaoh Ahmose, the first pharaoh of the 18th Dynasty.

埃及法老雅赫摩斯

However, not everyone agrees with the conclusion of the study authors. Marina Baldi, a scientist in climatology and meteorology at the Institute of Biometeorology of the National Research Council in Italy, analysed the information on the stela along with her colleagues and compared it to known weather patterns in Egypt. She believes the description could relate to the ‘Red Sea Trough’ weather pattern which翻譯社 when disrupted, brings severe weather, heavy rain, and flash flooding. Other scholars, such as Egyptologist Ian Shaw believes the stela is propaganda put out by the pharaoh to rationalise a man-made disaster.

《大風暴石碑》是一副出土於底比斯，即今盧克索的卡納克神殿第三塔門中的6英尺高方解石石碑，按照對這40行銘文的翻譯，學者們目下當今可以更加確信，碑文所描寫得異常天氣應當與錫拉（聖托里尼）火山的爆發有關翻譯這個發現意味著現有的年表可能要重新修訂，出格是關於雅赫摩斯一世，也就是第18王朝的第一位法老的統治期間。

"This is important to scholars of the ancient Near East and eastern Mediterranean, generally because the chronology that archaeologists use is based on the lists of Egyptian pharaohs翻譯社 and this new information could adjust those dates翻譯社" said Moeller.

“對學者來說，這在研究古代近東和地中海東部時有著很重要的影響，因為考古學家用來對比的年表通常都是法老名單，而今這份新材料則可能會改變它們的年代，”莫勒說。