Q：這種文化的說話和《古蘭經》的發源有什麼聯系關系？
Q. - You have discovered that Sura 97 of the Koran mentions the Nativity. And in your translation of the famous Sura of Mary, her "birthgiving" is "made legitimate by the Lord." Moreover, the text contains the invitation to come to the sacred liturgy, to the Mass. Would the Koran翻譯社 then翻譯社 be nothing other than an Arabic version of the Christian Bible?
From the Gospel to Islam
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只有那些要對峙以錯誤的體例詮釋天主的話語的人材有資曆說我的研究是在褻瀆翻譯不過《古蘭經》亦明白寫過，“沒人能把神導致的毛病指導回正路。但我也必須說，就我碰見過的穆斯林來說，我並沒有遭受到任何敵對的立場。
A：在巴基斯坦，是有曾刊載摘錄自我的書裡的文章的《新聞周刊》被制止販售。相反的，他們非常讚賞一名非穆斯林會願意如斯客觀的研究他們的神聖文本。 Q. - What makes your method different?
出於許多緣由，這其實是一個潛力無限的測驗考試。
Q：但你依然用了化名。 In the Europe of the 16th and 17th centuries, mangled by the wars of religion翻譯社 scholars of the Bible also used to keep a safe distance with pseudonyms. But if, now, the ones doing so are the scholars of the Koran, this is a sign that, for the Muslim holy book as well翻譯社 the era of historical, linguistic, and philological re-readings has begun. A German scholar of ancient languages takes a new look at the sacred book of Islam. He maintains that it was created by Syro-Aramaic speaking Christians翻譯社 in order to evangelize the Arabs. And he translates it in a new way
透過古代說話的蛛絲馬跡，一名德國粹者對伊斯蘭教的聖書提出了一種全新的看法翻譯按照他的概念，《古蘭經》真正的作者其實說著一口敘利亞-亞拉姆語，向阿拉伯人鼓吹福音的基督徒。
The book by "Christoph Luxenberg" came out in 2000 in Germany with the title "Die Syro-Aramäische Lesart des Koran" ("A Syro-Aramaic Reading of the Koran"), published in Berlin by Das Arabische Buch. It is out of print翻譯社 and there are no translations in other languages. But a new, updated edition (again in German) is about to arrive in bookstores. But that Syro-Aramaic was also the root of the Koran, and of the Koran of a primitive Christian system, is a more specialized notion, an almost clandestine one. And it´s more than a little dangerous. The author of the most important book on the subject - a German professor of ancient Semitic and Arabic languages - preferred, out of prudence, to write under the pseudonym of Christoph Luxenberg. A few years ago, one of his colleagues at the University of Nablus in Palestine, Suliman Bashear, was thrown out of the window by his scandalized Muslim students. A：我不是穆斯林，所以我不會有這類風險翻譯更何況我並沒有得罪到《古蘭經》。 
與這類關於天堂的象徵一樣，這些誤解極可能與《古蘭經》評論及釋義中的男性壟斷現象脫不了關係。
A：讓我們先從單詞“huri”入手下手說起，阿拉伯評論家對這個單詞沒有找到其它除天堂的童貞以外的寄義翻譯但若是瞭解敘利亞-亞拉姆語，那麼就發現這個單詞的意思實際上是“白葡萄”，這是基督教天堂裡的常見象徵元素之一，在耶穌的最後晚餐上也有被說起。
A. - "Not exactly. It is true that, in the Christian tradition翻譯社 the belt is associated with chastity: Mary is depicted with a belt fastened around her waist. But in the gospel account of the Last Supper, Christ also ties an apron around his waist before washing the Apostles´ feet. There are clearly many parallels with the Christian faith." A. - "I did that on the advice of Muslim friends who were afraid that some enthusiastic fundamentalist would act of his own initiative, without waiting for a fatwa." Q. - But you still preferred to use a pseudonym.
A：因為，在《古蘭經》裡存在著很多迷糊不清的處所，乃至就連阿拉伯評論家都難以解釋，乃至還有人說，只有上帝才能理解這些段落。西方對於《古蘭經》的系統性研究是直到19世紀中葉才入手下手，而且老是以阿拉伯學者的評論作為基礎翻譯但這些評論卻曆來沒有正視過一些辭彙的外國詞源問題。
Q. - So at the time of Mohammed Arabic did not have precise rules, and was not used for written communication. Then how did the Koran come to be written? A. - "At first I conducted a ´synchronous´ reading. In other words, I kept in mind both Arabic and Aramaic. Thanks to this procedure翻譯社 I was able to discover the extent of the previously unsuspected influence of Aramaic upon the language of the Koran: in point of fact, much of what now passes under the name of ´classical Arabic´ is of Aramaic derivation." Q：教授，請問為什麼翻譯公司會認為依托這類方法重新詮釋《古蘭經》是成心義的？
若細數起關於這個主題的最主要的著作的作者——那麼謎底絕非德國的古代閃米特與阿拉伯說話傳授，克里斯托弗・盧森伯格莫屬——不外出於平安考量，這個名字實際上是化名。
可是，敘利亞-亞拉姆語其實也是《古蘭經》的源流之一，這就是為什麼《古蘭經》身上還留著ㄧ些原始基督教系統的影子，這觸及了一個更為專門的概念，而且幾近從未為人所知，乃至還有些危險。 This is a promising beginning for many reasons. Gerd-Rüdiger Puin翻譯社 a professor at Saarland University in Germany and another Koran scholar on the philological level, maintains that this type of approach to Islam´s holy book can help to defeat its fundamentalist and Manichean readings, and to bring into a better light its ties with Judaism and Christianity. 阿爾弗雷德・哈肯斯伯格對“克里斯托弗・盧森伯格”的專訪 A. - "I began from the idea that the language of the Koran must be studied from an historical-linguistic point of view. When the Koran was composed, Arabic did not exist as a written language; thus it seemed evident to me that it was necessary to take into consideration翻譯社 above all翻譯社 Aramaic, which at the time翻譯社 between the 4th and 7th centuries翻譯社 was not only the language of written communication, but also the lingua franca of that area of Western Asia." A：論其發源，《古蘭經》現實上是一部敘利亞-亞拉姆語星期書，佈滿了引自《聖經》的讚美詩和抄寫，可能是被用於基督教的宗教流動。 Q. - What is the relationship between this language of culture and the origin of the Koran? A. - "Beginning in the third century翻譯社 the Syrian Christians did not limit themselves to bringing their evangelical mission to nearby countries, like Armenia or Persia. They pressed on toward distant territories, all the way to the borders of China and the western coast of India, in addition to the entire Arabian peninsula all the way to Yemen and Ethiopia. It is thus rather probable that, in order to proclaim the Christian message to the Arabic peoples, they would have used (among others) the language of the Bedouins, or Arabic. In order to spread the Gospel, they necessarily made use of a mishmash of languages. But in an era in which Arabic was just an assembly of dialects and had no written form, the missionaries had no choice but to resort to their own literary language and their own culture; that is, to Syro-Aramaic. The result was that the language of the Koran was born as a written Arabic language, but one of Arab-Aramaic derivation." Q：難道你不會畏懼遭到伊斯蘭教令的措置，就像薩爾曼・魯西迪遭到的死刑判決那樣？ ROMA - That Aramaic was the lingua franca of a vast area of the ancient Middle East is a notion that is by now amply noted by a vast public, thanks to Mel Gibson´s film "The Passion of the Christ," which everyone watches in that language. A. - "Yes. Anyone who wants to make a thorough study of the Koran must have a background in the Syro-Aramaic grammar and literature of that period, the 7th century. Only thus can he identify the original meaning of Arabic expressions whose semantic interpretation can be established definitively only by retranslating them into Syro-Aramaic." A. - "Because, in the Koran, there are many obscure points that, from the beginning, even the Arab commentators were not able to explain. Of these passages it is said that only God can comprehend them. Western research on the Koran, which has been conducted in a systematic manner only since about the middle of the 19th century翻譯社 has always taken as its base the commentaries of the Arab scholars. But these have never gone beyond the etymological explanation of some terms of foreign origin." Q. - To many Muslim believers, for whom the Koran is the holy book and the only truth翻譯社 your conclusions could seem blasphemous. What reactions have you noticed up until now? Q：你還發現《古蘭經》在第97章裡提到了基督的降生翻譯按照翻譯公司的翻譯，在著名的說起瑪麗亞的那一章，她的臨蓐其實是“受主授意的”。另外，這個文本還提到了約請大眾參加的神聖星期儀式翻譯有無可能，原本的《古蘭經》其實只是阿拉伯語版的基督教《聖經》？ Q：所以，面紗真實的意思是貞操帶？ Here follows an interview with the author翻譯社 published in Germany in the newspaper "Süddeutsche Zeitung" and in Italy in "L´espresso," no. 11, March 12-18翻譯社 2004: A. - "There is a passage in Sura 24翻譯社 verse 31, which in Arabic reads翻譯社 ´That they should beat their khumurs against their bags.´ It is an incomprehensible phrase翻譯社 for which the following interpretation has been sought: ´That they should extend their kerchiefs from their heads to their breasts.´ But if this passage is read in the light of Syro-Aramaic, it simply means: ´They should fasten their belts around their waists.´" Q. - Professor, why did you think it useful to conduct this re-reading of the Koran? Q. - By the way, what do you think about the Islamic veil? 現今的大眾或多或少都邑知道亞拉姆語曾在古代中東的大部份地域廣為風行這個常識，當然這都要歸功於梅爾・吉勃遜的那部全程採用亞拉姆語的電影《受難記：最後的激情》翻譯
A：確切如斯翻譯任何想要研究《古蘭經》的人都應該知曉敘利亞-亞拉姆語，還有瞭解阿誰期間，也就是7世紀時的文學概況翻譯惟有如斯才能正確的辨認那些阿拉伯語的原始含義，它們的語義必需被從頭翻譯成敘利亞-亞拉姆語才能瞭解。 Q：你的意思是，不懂敘利亞-亞拉姆語的人就無法准確的翻譯息爭釋《古蘭經》了？
A：華頓翻譯社起先的設法主意就是，要研究《古蘭經》就必需得從歷史-說話學的角度來梳理。
A：一最先華頓翻譯社便著手進行“同步式”閱讀，也就是說，華頓翻譯社同時用阿拉伯語和亞拉姆語來解讀經文。
童貞與葡萄：《古蘭經》的基督教發源
A：我這麼做是因為一些穆斯林伴侶的建議，他們很擔心會有一些狂熱的原教旨主義者，等不及教令下判決就想對我晦氣。
A. - "We begin from the term ´huri,´ for which the Arabic commentators could not find any meaning other than those heavenly virgins. But if one keeps in mind the derivations from Syro-Aramaic, that expression indicated ´white grapes翻譯社´ which is one of the symbolic elements of the Christian paradise, recalled in the Last Supper of Jesus. There´s another Koranic expression, falsely interpreted as ´the children´ or ´the youths´ of paradise: in Aramaic: it designates the fruit of the vine, which in the Koran is compared to pearls. As for the symbols of paradise翻譯社 these interpretive errors are probably connected to the male monopoly in Koranic commentary and interpretation." A：不盡然。但按照福音書，在最後的晚飯的時候，基督也是在腰上繫著圍裙來為徒弟洗腳翻譯在基督教信仰裡有許多類似的情節。 The Virgins and the Grapes: the Christian Origins of the Koran Q：順路一提，請問翻譯公司對伊斯蘭教的面紗有什麼觀點？ Q：既然如斯，那翻譯公司怎麼對待對於人們一向以來所認為的，《古蘭經》是第一部以阿拉伯語寫成的作品的觀念？ Q：所以，在穆罕默德時代，阿拉伯語還沒有被切確的規範化，也沒有成長出書面用語翻譯那麼《古蘭經》究竟是怎麼寫成的呢？ 福音書與伊斯蘭教 A. - "In Pakistan, the sale of the edition of ´Newsweek´ that contained an article on my book was banned. Otherwise, I must say that翻譯社 in my encounters with Muslims, I have not noticed any hostile attitudes. On the contrary, they have appreciated the commitment of a non-Muslim to studies aimed at an objective comprehension of their sacred text. My work could be judged as blasphemous only by those who decide to cling to errors in the interpretation of the word of God. But in the Koran it is written, ´No one can bring to the right way those whom God induces to error.´" Q. - Aren´t you afraid of a fatwa, a death sentence like the one pronounced against Salman Rushdie? An interview with "Christoph Luxenberg" by Alfred Hackensberger “克里斯托弗・盧森伯格”的著作“Die Syro-Aramäische Lesart des Koran”（《敘利亞-亞拉姆語版古蘭經》）是在2000年時在德國正式出書，出書商為柏林的阿拉伯文書公司。不過，一個更新的修訂版（一樣是在德國出書）已行將在書店上市。 A：在誰人時辰還沒有所謂的阿拉伯黉舍——除，也許在美索不達米亞南部，即今伊拉克的安巴爾和希拉的基督教中間可以算是。這就是他們的文化的載體，同時也是他們的書面語言翻譯
A：按照伊斯蘭教傳統，《古蘭經》的歷史可以追溯到7世紀，但切實意義上的阿拉伯語文學的例子倒是兩個多世紀以後，即所謂的“先知列傳”時期的事；如逝世於828年的伊本・希沙姆的作品。 Q. - Let´s come to the misunderstandings. One of the most glaring errors you cite is that of the virgins promised, in the Islamic paradise, to the suicide bombers. A. - "At that time, there were no Arab schools - except, perhaps, for the Christian centers of al-Anbar and al-Hira, in southern Mesopotamia, or what is now Iraq. The Arabs of that region had been Christianized and instructed by Syrian Christians. Their liturgical language was Syro-Aramaic. And this was the vehicle of their culture, and more generally the language of written communication." Q：那又是什麼使你的研究方法如斯與眾分歧？
Q：那麼讓我們來看看那些有異議的地方。
Q. - What do you say翻譯社 then, about the idea翻譯社 accepted until now翻譯社 that the Koran was the first book written in Arabic? Q. - Does this mean the veil is really a chastity belt? Q. - Do you mean that anyone who does not keep the Syro-Aramaic language in mind cannot translate and interpret the Koran correctly? Q. - Tell us how you proceeded. 由於宗教戰爭的影響，16-18世紀的歐洲《聖經》學者也習慣利用假名來自保。 Q：對很多穆斯林來講，《古蘭經》是代表了絕對真理的聖書，你的結論對他們而言無異於褻瀆翻譯截至今朝為止，你有收到什麼反應嗎？ A：自3世紀伊始，敘利亞基督徒便開始帶著他們宣揚福音的使命踏上了如亞美尼亞或波斯的臨近國度。 A. - "I am not a Muslim, so I don´t run that risk. Besides, I haven´t offended against the Koran" A. - "According to Islamic tradition, the Koran dates back to the 7th century翻譯社 while the first examples of Arabic literature in the full sense of the phrase are found only two centuries later, at the time of the ´Biography of the Prophet´; that is, of the life of Mohammed as written by Ibn Hisham, who died in 828. We may thus establish that post-Koranic Arabic literature developed by degrees翻譯社 in the period following the work of al-Khalil bin Ahmad, who died in 786, the founder of Arabic lexicography (kitab al-ayn), and of Sibawwayh翻譯社 who died in 796, to whom the grammar of classical Arabic is due. Now翻譯社 if we assume that the composition of the Koran was brought to an end in the year of the Prophet Mohammed´s death, in 632翻譯社 we find before us an interval of 150 years, during which there is no trace of Arabic literature worthy of note." 下面這篇作者專訪曾被離別發表在德國的《南德意志報》和2004年3月12-18日刊的義大利《精髓周刊》第11輯上： A. - "In its origin翻譯社 the Koran is a Syro-Aramaic liturgical book翻譯社 with hymns and extracts from Scriptures which might have been used in sacred Christian services. In the second place翻譯社 one may see in the Koran the beginning of a preaching directed toward transmitting the belief in the Sacred Scriptures to the pagans of Mecca, in the Arabic language. Its socio-political sections翻譯社 which are not especially related to the original Koran, were added later in Medina. At its beginning翻譯社 the Koran was not conceived as the foundation of a new religion. It presupposes belief in the Scriptures翻譯社 and thus functioned merely as an inroad into Arabic society." by Sandro Magister http://chiesa.espresso.repubblica.it/articolo/7025?eng=y A：在第24章31節裡，阿拉伯語版是這麼寫的，“她們應當用khumurs擊打袋子。”
本文引用自: http://blog.xuite.net/kesaite/blog/484431703有關翻譯的問題歡迎諮詢華頓翻譯社
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